ORDER BY : Used to sort the result-set in ascending or descending order. SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2, … FROM table_name SELECT column1, column2, … FROM table_name WHERE condition ĭISTINCT: Distinct keyword eliminates duplicate rows from the result of a select statement. SELECT column1, column2, … FROM table_name SELECT: The SELECT statement is used to select and display data from a database. INSERT INTO table_name ( column1, column2, column3. INSERT INTO: is used to insert new records in a table. To add a new column after creating table:ĪLTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype ĪLTER TABLE table_name MODIFY COLUMN column_name datatype ĭROP TABLE: To remove a table and remove all of its data At the same time, number of columns equal to number of columns in the first table added by number of columns in the second table.ĬREATE TABLE: Used to create the structure of a table.ĬREATE TABLE table_name ( column1 datatype, column2 datatype, column3 datatype,….) ĪLTER TABLE: Used to implement structure modification. Cartesian product returns a number of rows equal to number of rows in the first table multiply by number of rows in the second table. In the union operation, duplicate records will be automatically removed from the resultant table.Ĭartesian product: SQL joins are used to relate information in different tables. Union: The union operator is used to combine two or more tables. Projection: Projection in relational algebra returns those columns in a relation that given in the attribute list (Produce table containing subset of columns). Selection: Selection in relational algebra returns those tuples (records) in a relation that fulfil a condition (Produce table containing subset of rows). Numeric datatype: NUMBER, NUMERIC, INT, FLOAT, DECIMAL String datatypes: CHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR2 Primary Key: A column or set of columns that uniquely identifies a row within a table is called primary key.Ĭandidate Key: Candidate keys are set of fields (columns with unique values) in the relation that are eligible to act as a primary key.Īlternate Key: A candidate key that is not the primary key is called alternate key.ĭDL: Data Definition Language (DDL) or Data Description Language (DDL). Relations: In relational data model, the data is organised into tables(in the form of rows and columns) called relations.ĭomain: A domain is the sets of values from which the actual values appearing in a given column are drawn. Revision Notes (Database Concepts and SQL)
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